<HTML><BODY style="word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; -khtml-line-break: after-white-space; "><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B> </B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B>DISCCRS News</B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><B>11/2/2007</B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style="">************************************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><B> </B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B><I>RESOURCES and FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES</I></B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Preparing for a Climate Change Teach In with a social-science focus</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"></SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see RESOURCES 1 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Nobel Laureates Symposium on "Global Sustainability: A Nobel Cause - </B></SPAN><SPAN style="">PDF available on website:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.nobel-cause.de/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">www.nobel-cause.de.</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""> <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>NSF Postdoctoral Fellowships in Polar Regions Research</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><B> </B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style=""><A href="http://csd.tamu.edu/news/news_item.2007-10-29.7736086791"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://csd.tamu.edu/news/news_item.2007-10-29.7736086791</FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN> <DIV class="MsoNormal"><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B><I>SCIENCE NEWS</I></B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Rise in atmospheric CO2 accelerates as economy grows, natural carbon sinks weaken</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/ci-ria102207.php"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/ci-ria102207.php</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style=""><B>Like it or not, uncertainty and climate change go hand-in-hand</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/uow-lio102207.php"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/uow-lio102207.php</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""> <SPAN style="">(see NEWS 1 below)</SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>White House in climate-censorship row</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/2nnk4y"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/2nnk4y</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 2 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Electronic 'vampires' suck energy, not blood</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><A href="http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2007-10-30-vampire-electronics_N.htm?csp=34"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2007-10-30-vampire-electronics_N.htm?csp=34</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 3 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>IEA says oil prices will stay 'very high,' threatening global growth</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/10/31/business/oil.php"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/10/31/business/oil.php</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 4 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Wildfires, especially Southern California's, spew millions of tons of global warming gas</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://climate.weather.com/articles/gases110107.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://climate.weather.com/articles/gases110107.html</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 5 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Clean Coal Plant Tabled, Would Have Been a First</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.denverpost.com/ci_7324626"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.denverpost.com/ci_7324626</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="">Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/2fzpyc"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000"><B>http://tinyurl.com/2fzpyc</B></FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 6 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Scientists Document Deep-Water Coral Mortality Event</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2007/20071016_deepcoral.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2007/20071016_deepcoral.html</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 7 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Warming Revives Flora and Fauna in Greenland</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/world/europe/28greenland.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/world/europe/28greenland.html</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="">Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/2275xp"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/2275xp</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 8 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>oal Use Grows Despite Warming Worries</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style=""><A href="http://www.examiner.com/a-1015381~Coal_Use_Grows_Despite_Warming_Worries.html">http://www.examiner.com/a-1015381~Coal_Use_Grows_Despite_Warming_Worries.html</A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/37jxyb"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/37jxyb</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 9 below)</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>'Humanity's Very Survival' Is at Risk, Says UN</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article2739926.ece"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article2739926.ece</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="">Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/25x4ty"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/25x4ty</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 10 below)<SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF"><B> </B></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF"><B> </B></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B><I>SUMMER PROGRAMS, COURSES, INTERNSHIPS, MEETINGS, OPPORTUNITIES</I></B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>A senior scientist at NCAR is looking for suggestions of qualified women to serve on the US NOAA climate and global change post-doctoral selection committee.</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> At the moment, the committee has an overrepresentation of atmospheric chemists. Please e-mail suggested names, contact information and a few lines about qualifications to Dr. Elisabeth Holland; </SPAN><A href="mailto:eholland@ucar.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">eholland@ucar.edu</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">; </SPAN><A href="http://acd.ucar.edu/%7Eeholland/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://acd.ucar.edu/~eholland/</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">. Self-nominations are welcome.<O:P></O:P></SPAN><B></B></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><B><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></B></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><B>Climate driving of marine ecosystem changes…Training for young marine scientists.</B><SPAN style=""> - 21-24 April 2008 - Brest, France<O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.imber.info/CLIMECO_Application.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.imber.info/CLIMECO_Application.html</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV> (see WORKSHOP 1 below) </DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B><I>JOBS</I></B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Remote Sensing Scientist</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> – National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - Ocean Colour, Wellington (New Zealand)<O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.niwa.co.nz/about/jobs"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">www.niwa.co.nz/about/jobs</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF"><B> </B></FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see JOB 1 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Research Associate</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> (Postdoctoral) - College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences – Oregon State University – Corvallis, OR (USA)</SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"></SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see JOB 2 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Three research positions</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> for 5-yr contracts -<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Marine Geology Department of INETI - Portugal<O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.ineti.pt/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.ineti.pt</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see JOB 3 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Postdoc Fellowship</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - Global Change and Forest Dynamics - Colorado State University- Fort Collins CO (USA)</SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"></SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see JOB 4 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Asst Prof</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> Tenure-track - Landscape Ecology - University of Illinois - Chicago IL (USA)</SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"></SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see JOB 5 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Asst Prof </B></SPAN><SPAN style="">Tenure-track - Environmental Geology - Drake University - Des Moines, Iowa</SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"></SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see JOB 6 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">***************************************************</FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B>Resources and Funding Opportunities</B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(RESOURCES 1) <B>Preparing for a Climate Change Teach In with a social-science focus</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Submitted by Kari Norgaard, Whitman College<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Hello Environmental Sociologists Everywhere! (well, especially those of you in the U.S.)...<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The Council for the Environment and Technology Section is scheming to put together a nationwide teach in about climate change in the coming months. We are currently working on a proposal to the Executive Council for ASA. Meanwhile, if you are interested we could use your help in one or more ways...<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>What's in the Works<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">A Nationwide Teach In on Climate Change for Sociologists. The Environmental and Technology section would provide resources from data, readings, films, discussion questions and lecture ideas on global climate change for faculty teaching in a range of courses. Courses such as Social Problems, Introduction to Sociology, Social Movements, Social Stratification, Contemporary Theory, Race, Political Sociology, Hazards and Disasters, Sociology of Technology would be particularly well suited. Obviously some courses such as Statistics or Sociology of the Family might be less suited, but even in these cases motivated instructors would be welcome to address this topic. We are proposing that our ETS section would provide teaching resources in module form for a variety of topics for interested faculty. This educational organizing strategy of a nationwide teach in replicates efforts during the Vietnam War when folks across the country taught about Vietnam in multiple disciplines for one day to raise awareness (rather than calling for a strike against classes). Ideally this event will correspond with the January 31st event being coordinated by the Focus the Nation campaign, see website for more information: </SPAN><A href="http://www.focusthenation.org/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">www.focusthenation.org</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>What We Need From You<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">We are looking for information that is packaged into a form for that could be used by sociologists. We are hoping to get teaching resources into the hands of non-experts who would be willing to teach about climate change in their course<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>1) Do you have teaching resources on climate change to share that are or can be fit into specific courses? We are interested in films that you highly recommend with a set of discussion questions, readings, lecture notes, etc.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>2) Even better, are you interested in taking on the coordination of a teaching module for a specific course? For example, preparing a variety of teaching materials for the instructor of a Social Theory or Social Problems course to select from?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>If so please send me an email at </SPAN><A href="mailto:norgaakm@whitman.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">norgaakm@whitman.edu</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">Much Thanks in Advance,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">Kari<O:P></O:P><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF"></FONT></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">***************************************************</FONT></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF"></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B>Science News<SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal;"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 1) <B>Like it or not, uncertainty and climate change go hand-in-hand</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/uow-lio102207.php"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-10/uow-lio102207.php </FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Despite decades of ever more-exacting science projecting Earth's warming climate, there remains large uncertainty about just how much warming will actually occur. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Two University of Washington scientists believe the uncertainty remains so high because the climate system itself is very sensitive to a variety of factors, such as increased greenhouse gases or a higher concentration of atmospheric particles that reflect sunlight back into space. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In essence, the scientists found that the more likely it is that conditions will cause climate to warm, the more uncertainty exists about how much warming there will be. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"Uncertainty and sensitivity have to go hand in hand. They're inextricable," said Gerard Roe, a UW associate professor of Earth and space sciences. "We're used to systems in which reducing the uncertainty in the physics means reducing the uncertainty in the response by about the same proportion. But that's not how climate change works." <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Roe and Marcia Baker, a UW professor emeritus of Earth and space sciences and of atmospheric sciences, have devised and tested a theory they believe can help climate modelers and observers understand the range of probabilities from various factors, or feedbacks, involved in climate change. The theory is contained in a paper published in the Oct. 26 edition of Science. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In political polling, as the same questions are asked of more and more people the uncertainty, expressed as margin of error, declines substantially and the poll becomes a clearer snapshot of public opinion at that time. But it turns out that with climate, additional research does not substantially reduce the uncertainty. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The equation devised by Roe and Baker helps modelers understand built-in uncertainties so that the researchers can get meaningful results after running a climate model just a few times, rather than having to run it several thousand times and adjust various climate factors each time. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"It's a yardstick against which one can test climate models," Roe said. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Scientists have projected that simply doubling carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from pre-Industrial Revolution levels would increase global mean temperature by about 2.2 degrees Fahrenheit. However, that projection does not take into account climate feedbacks – physical processes in the climate system that amplify or subdue the response. Those feedbacks would raise temperature even more, as much as another 5 degrees F according to the most likely projection. One example of a feedback is that a warmer atmosphere holds more water vapor, which in itself is a greenhouse gas. The increased water vapor then amplifies the effect on temperature caused by the original increase in carbon dioxide. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"Sensitivity to carbon dioxide concentration is just one measure of climate change, but it is the standard measure," Roe said. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Before the Industrial Revolution began in the late 1700s, atmospheric carbon dioxide was at a concentration of about 280 parts per million. Today it is about 380 parts per million and estimates are that it will reach 560 to 1,000 parts per million by the end of the century. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The question is what all that added carbon dioxide will do to the planet's temperature. The new equation can help provide an answer, since it links the probability of warming with uncertainty about the physical processes that affect how much warming will occur, Roe said. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"The kicker is that small uncertainties in the physical processes are amplified into large uncertainties in the climate response, and there is nothing we can do about that," he said. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>While the new equation will help scientists quickly see the most likely impacts, it also shows that far more extreme temperature changes – perhaps 15 degrees or more in the global mean – are possible, though not probable. That same result also was reported in previous studies that used thousands of computer simulations, and the new equation shows the extreme possibilities are fundamental to the nature of the climate system. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Much will depend on what happens to emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the future. Since they can remain in the atmosphere for decades, even a slight decrease in emissions is unlikely to do more than stabilize overall concentrations, Roe said. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"If all we do is stabilize concentrations, then we will still be risking the highest temperature change shown in the models," he said.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 2) <B>White House in climate-censorship row</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/2nnk4y"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/2nnk4y</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The White House has already been accused of gagging the US Environmental Protection Agency and NASA on the subject of global warming. Now the US Centers for Disease Control may have suffered the same fate.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>On 23 October, CDC director Julie Gerberding addressed the US Senate on the health effects of global warming. It has emerged that her original speech was cut from 12 pages to six by the White House's Office of Management and Budget, which is authorised to vet presentations to the Senate by government agencies<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Among the passages omitted from the final speech were details of how global warming may affect millions of Americans through more frequent heatwaves, increased air pollution and the spread of waterborne diseases.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Although Gerberding and the CDC say there has been no censorship, others disagree. Senator Barbara Boxer of California wrote to the White House demanding that it release a copy of the original draft, to reveal exactly what was left out. "This isn't a country that should be censoring science," she says. The White House says that some predictions were omitted because they were global rather than US-specific. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>continued...<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 3) <B>Electronic 'vampires' suck energy, not blood</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><A href="http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2007-10-30-vampire-electronics_N.htm?csp=34"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2007-10-30-vampire-electronics_N.htm?csp=34 </FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>A force as insidious as Dracula is quietly sucking a nickel of every dollar's worth of the electricity that seeps from your home's outlets.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Insert the little fangs of your cellphone charger in the outlet and leave it there, phone attached: That's vampire electronics.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Allow your computer to hide in the cloak of darkness known as "standby mode" rather than shutting it off: That's vampire electronics.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The latest estimates show 5% of electricity used in the United States goes to standby power, a phenomenon energy efficiency experts find all the more terrifying as energy prices rise and the planet warms. That amounts to about $4 billion a year.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The percentage could rise to 20% by 2010, according to the U.S. Department of Energy.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In California, lawmakers passed a proposal last year — dubbed the Vampire Slayers Act — to add vampire electronics labels to consumer products, detailing how much energy a charger, computer, DVD player, PlayStation, microwave or coffee maker uses when on, off or in standby mode.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"It's something people don't know about," said Dave Walton, home ideas director for Direct Energy, a utility and energy services company that has one of its four main offices in Dublin, Ohio.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The issue is particularly pressing in Ohio, the nation's No. 1 emitter of toxic air emissions — mostly from electricity production at the state's coal-fired power plants. Walton said skyrocketing energy costs mean everyone should worry about the vampires in the house.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The International Energy Agency has estimated standby energy use by vampire electronics at 200 to 400 terawatt-hours a year. The entire country of Italy consumes about 300 terawatt-hours of electricity each year, according to the agency.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">...continued...<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 4)<B> IEA says oil prices will stay 'very high,' threatening global growth</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/10/31/business/oil.php"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/10/31/business/oil.php</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""> <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The rapidly growing appetite for fossil fuels in China and India is likely to help keep oil prices high for the foreseeable future - threatening a global economic slowdown, a top energy expert said Wednesday.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The unusually stark warning by Fatih Birol, chief economist of the International Energy Agency, about the impact of Asia's emerging giants comes as the agency prepares to issue its influential annual report next week, which will focus on China and India.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In preparing the report, Birol said he had experienced "an earthquake" in his thinking.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"China plus India are going to dominate growth in the oil markets," Birol said during an interview at an oil industry conference. During the past 18 months, he noted, more than two-thirds of the growth in global oil demand came from China and India alone.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Demand for oil in China, he added, would eventually equal the entire supply from Saudi Arabia.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Partly as a result, he added, the annual report would predict that oil prices, now at about $93 a barrel, could remain at levels much higher than thought possible in the past. This, he said, heightened the risk of a serious global economic slowdown.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">...continued...<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""> <O:P></O:P>********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 5) <B>Wildfires, especially Southern California's, spew millions of tons of global warming gas</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://climate.weather.com/articles/gases110107.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://climate.weather.com/articles/gases110107.html </FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>WASHINGTON (AP) — In one week, Southern California's wildfires spewed the same amount of carbon dioxide — the primary global warming gas — as the state's power plants and vehicles did, scientists figure.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>A new study by two Colorado researchers shows that U.S. wildfires pump a significant amount of the greenhouse gas into the air each year, more than the state of Pennsylvania does. It raises questions about how useful it is to plant trees to offset rising carbon dioxide emissions and soothe environmental consciences.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Because the California wildfires occurred just as the study was about to be published, the researchers calculated how much carbon dioxide was likely to come from the devastating blazes Oct. 19-26. It's a lot: 8.7 million tons.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>That's more than the state of Vermont produces in a year. And it's also more than the 6 million tons estimated by California's air control agency, which used a different calculation method.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>On average, wildfires in the United States each year pump 322 million tons of carbon dioxide. That's about 5 percent of what the country emits by burning fossil fuels, such as gasoline and coal, according to the new research published online Thursday in the peer-reviewed journal Carbon Balance and Management.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"It is quite a big chunk," said study co-author Jason Neff of the University of Colorado at Boulder. But he adds: "It's nothing compared to our fossil fuels burning."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">Mostly when scientists look at carbon dioxide emissions, they spend their time on the stuff that man adds to power industrial life. But Neff and Christine Wiedinmyer at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., looked at forests, which act as a sponge and absorb some of the carbon dioxide, but which also burn and produce it.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"The problem is that what goes in, comes out," Neff said.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In recent years, some people who want to compensate for their personal contributions to global warming (from driving gas-guzzling cars or heating huge houses) have paid groups to plant trees to soak up that extra carbon in the air. It's called a carbon offset.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Over several decades or centuries, replanted trees will capture some of the gas, but the first few decades it will be at a reduced rate, Wiedinmyer said.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">"There's a real danger here that in the offsetting program you feel you've done your bit," said University of Victoria climate scientist Andrew Weaver, who wasn't part of the study. "You've got to be a little bit more creative than to think that you're going to solve global warming by planting trees."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In previous studies, scientists have shown that a general increase in American wildfires — but no one event — is linked to global warming. That raises the possibility of a self-feeding cycle, Wiedinmyer said.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The scientists used satellite imagery, computer models and combustion rates to determine how much carbon dioxide is released during a fire, Wiedinmyer said.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Last week, the California Air Resources Board estimated that just under 6 million tons of carbon dioxide were released by the recent fires. The board estimates that for every acre burned, the carbon dioxide emissions are equivalent to two cars driven for a year, said board spokesman Stanley Young. More than half a million acres have burned in Southern California.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Young and Wiedinmyer said estimates do vary widely on scientific method.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">The paper finds remarkable differences state by state and month by month. August is the worst month for carbon dioxide emissions from fires.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The Western continental United States is responsible for more than one-third of the country's carbon dioxide from fires. But Alaska is king. Alaskan fires produce twice as much of the greenhouse gas than burning fossil fuels in that state. Alaskan fires make up 27 percent of the nation's yearly fire-related carbon dioxide emissions.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In the Lower 48, California, Oregon, Idaho, Washington, Louisiana, Montana, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, and Texas are top 10 emitters of carbon dioxide through forest fires.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 6) <B>Clean Coal Plant Tabled, Would Have Been a First</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.denverpost.com/ci_7324626"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.denverpost.com/ci_7324626</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="">Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/2fzpyc"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000"><B>http://tinyurl.com/2fzpyc</B></FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Denver Post - Xcel Energy is shelving for at least two years a decision on building a widely hailed clean-coal power plant that would have been the first in the nation to capture its carbon emissions and inject them underground. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Although Xcel is convinced the technology will work, the $1 billion-plus plant would be too costly to build without a partner and the utility doesn't need the extra power, chief executive Dick Kelly said Tuesday in Denver.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Minneapolis-based Xcel, Colorado's largest electric and gas supplier, proposed the plant last year as a symbol of its commitment to lead the utility sector in addressing carbon dioxide emissions, a major contributor to global warming. The news had been praised by environmental groups and politicians.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">********************</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 7) <B>Scientists Document Deep-Water Coral Mortality Event</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2007/20071016_deepcoral.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2007/20071016_deepcoral.html</FONT></SPAN></A><O:P></O:P></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 16 October 2007 - Scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in cooperation with researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey and National Park Service, are reporting the first description of coral loss on a deep U.S. Caribbean reef. Their findings are reported in this month's issue of the journal Continental Shelf Research. The coral mortality event on a deep reef was detected off St. John in the U.S. Caribbean using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) deployed from the NOAA ship Nancy Foster noted during a sea floor mapping mission in 2005. "Over the past 30 years we have seen a tremendous decrease in live coral cover on shallow reefs in the Caribbean,” said Mark Monaco, a marine biologist from NOAA’s Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment. “The extensive loss of coral on this deep reef is especially noteworthy since deep reefs could serve as a source of future recruits for shallow reefs during times of stress."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The well-documented degradation of shallower reefs that are often closer to land and more vulnerable to pollution, sewage, and other human-related stressors has led to the suggestion that deeper, more remote offshore reefs were less vulnerable. Yet the distribution, status, and ecological roles of Caribbean reefs deeper than 30 meters are not well known. Using video and pictures taken from the ROV, coral cover decline was estimated at 25 percent.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 8) <B>Warming Revives Flora and Fauna in Greenland</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/world/europe/28greenland.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/world/europe/28greenland.html</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="">Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/2275xp"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/2275xp</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>New York Times (Registration Required) - NARSARSUAQ, Greenland - A strange thing is happening at the edge of Poul Bjerge's forest, a place so minute and unexpected that it brings to mind the teeny plot of land Woody Allen's father carries around in the film "Love and Death."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Its four oldest trees - in fact, the four oldest pine trees in Greenland, named Rosenvinge's trees after the Dutch botanist who planted them in a mad experiment in 1893 - are waking up. After lapsing into stately, sleepy old age, they are exhibiting new sprinklings of green at their tops, as if someone had glued on fresh needles.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"The old ones, they're having a second youth," said Mr. Bjerge, 78, who has watched the forest, called Qanasiassat, come to life, in fits and starts, since planting most of the trees in it 50 years ago. He beamed like a proud grandson. "They're growing again."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 9) <B>Coal Use Grows Despite Warming Worries</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style=""><A href="http://www.examiner.com/a-1015381~Coal_Use_Grows_Despite_Warming_Worries.html">http://www.examiner.com/a-1015381~Coal_Use_Grows_Despite_Warming_Worries.html</A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/37jxyb"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/37jxyb</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>San Francisco Examiner - JUNGAR QI, China - Almost nonstop, gargantuan 145-ton trucks rumble through China's biggest open-pit coal mine, sending up clouds of soot as they dump their loads into mechanized sorters.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The black treasure has transformed this once-isolated crossroads nestled in the sand-sculpted ravines of Inner Mongolia into a bleak boomtown of nearly 300,000 people. Day and night, long and dusty trains haul out coal to electric power plants and factories in the east, fueling China's explosive growth.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Coal is big, and getting bigger. As oil and natural gas prices soar, the world is relying ever more on the cheap, black-burning mainstay of the Industrial Revolution. Mining companies are racing into Africa. Workers are laying miles of new railroad track to haul coal from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming and Montana. And nowhere is coal bigger than in China. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">********************</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 10)<B> 'Humanity's Very Survival' Is at Risk, Says UN</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article2739926.ece"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article2739926.ece</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="">Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/25x4ty"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/25x4ty</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Times (London) - The speed at which mankind is using and abusing the Earth's resources is putting humanity's survival at risk, scientists have said. The bleak assessment of the state of the environment globally was issued as an "urgent call for action" amid growing concerns of worldwide waste, neglect and governmental inertia.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Fundamental changes in political policy and individual lifestyles were demanded by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) as it gave warning that the "point of no return" for the environment is fast being approached.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The damage being done was regarded by the UN programme as so serious that it said the time had come for the environment to be a central theme of policy-making instead of just a fringe issue, even though it would damage the vested interests of powerful industries.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">***************************************************</FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B>Summer Programs, Courses, Internships, Meetings, Opportunities</B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(WORKSHOP 1) <B>Climate driving of marine ecosystem changes…Training for young marine scientists.</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - 21-24 April 2008 - Brest, France<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.imber.info/CLIMECO_Application.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.imber.info/CLIMECO_Application.html</FONT></SPAN></A><O:P></O:P></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>IMBER (</SPAN><A href="http://www.imber.info/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.imber.info/</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""> ) is very pleased to announce that the workshop "Climate driving of marine ecosystems changes: Training for young marine scientists" will be held on April 21-24 2008 at the European Institute for Marine Studies (IUEM) in Brest, France. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>This exploratory workshop intends to increase the interactions between physical climate science and marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems communities with focus on impacts of climate variability on the marine environment. The workshop is aimed at young marine scientists. The objectives are, to increase their knowledge on existing climate data, to evaluate their relevance for biogeochemical and ecosystem studies and to judge their quality (uncertainties). <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The goals of this workshop are:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>1) To increase the interactions between physical climate science and marine biogeochemistry/ecosystems communities with a focus on impacts of climate variability on the marine environment;<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>2) To foster cooperation between physical climate scientists and marine scientists;<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>3) To take stock of IPCC 4AR results, ocean/atmosphere reanalysis data and observational data, where relevant for impacts on the marine environment. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>This workshop is a combination of science presentations around defined themes followed by discussions and "hands-on" sessions where young scientists with a marine biogeochemistry/ecosystems background learn how to use climate data. This includes finding relevant data, scrutinising their quality and knowing how to make use of them. For further details about the preliminary programme, themes and hands-on session, please visit the workshop website ( </SPAN><A href="http://www.imber.info/CLIMECO_home.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.imber.info/CLIMECO_home.html</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">).<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>We welcome applications from scientists early in their careers, either working toward or having recently completed a doctorate on a topic related to CLIVAR, IMBER, EUR-OCEANS or GLOBEC or showing strong interest in those topics. Selection of candidates will be based on the level and suitability of their qualifications, the relevance to the science themes, and the quality of their motivation statement. Application form is available from 1 November 2007 to 15 January 2008 at </SPAN><A href="http://www.imber.info/CLIMECO_Application.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.imber.info/CLIMECO_Application.html</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Partial financial support will be available for selected participants and the level of support will depend on the funding received. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">For further information visit </SPAN><A href="http://www.imber.info/CLIMECO_home.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.imber.info/CLIMECO_home.html</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">. For additional requests, please contact: </SPAN><A href="mailto:imber@univ-brest.fr"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">imber@univ-brest.fr</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""> </SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">***************************************************</FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B>Jobs</B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">Planktonnet: Great listserv for aquatic-science jobs<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">To subscribe to the list, send an empty email to:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><A href="mailto:planktonnet-subscribe@yahoogroups.com"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">planktonnet-subscribe@yahoogroups.com</FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">Or, visit <A href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/planktonnet/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://groups.yahoo.com/group/planktonnet/</FONT></SPAN></A> and click on 'Join this group' </SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal">********************<O:P></O:P></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(JOB 1)<B> Remote Sensing Scientist</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> – National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - Ocean Colour, Wellington (New Zealand) <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.niwa.co.nz/about/jobs"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">www.niwa.co.nz/about/jobs</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""> <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>NIWA is a leading environmental research institute and key provider of atmospheric, freshwater and marine research and consultancy services in New Zealand. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>NIWA has an X-band satellite reception facility and are active in research to develop, validate and apply remotely-sensed data products in a wide range of atmospheric and oceanographic studies. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>We are seeking an accomplished researcher with a research degree in remote sensing to develop ocean colour research at NIWA. The successful applicant will have a proven history of active research in ocean colour with a high-level and broad understanding of satellite observations and experience in the processing and application of satellite data. A proven publication record is also expected. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The ability and experience to take a leading role in the development and validation of remotely-sensed ocean colour products in the coastal, inland and open-ocean areas around New Zealand is required. As is, the skills to develop and test models for the derivation of products from satellite remotely-sensed data. Experience with writing funding proposals or pursuing consultancy opportunities in related disciplines would be advantageous. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><B>Applications close 5pm Friday 16 November 2007.</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(JOB 2) <B>Research Associate</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> (Postdoctoral) - College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences – Oregon State University – Corvallis, OR (USA)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>To review posting and to apply electronically, go to </SPAN><A href="http://oregonstate.edu/jobs"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://oregonstate.edu/jobs</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">. See posting number 0001648<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Position: The College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences (COAS) at Oregon State University announces the availability of a full-time position for a Research Associate (Postdoctoral). We seek a research colleague who will join an interdisciplinary team of researchers studying the impact of changes in Arctic sea ice on the marine planktonic ecosystem. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Background Information: COAS is one of the world’s leading oceanographic and atmospheric sciences graduate research institutions, with more than 200 faculty and staff members, more than 90 graduate students, and a wide variety of assets including an excellent computing infrastructure, state-of-the-art analytical facilities, and two research vessels. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Appointment: Full-time (1.0 FTE), 12-month fixed-term appointment. Annual salary range is $44,000-$46,000. Reappointment is at the discretion of the principal investigator and the Dean.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Responsibilities and Duties: The successful applicant will engage in a collaborative program aimed at qualitatively and quantitatively examining the impact of a diminished ice cover on the structure and functioning of the Arctic marine planktonic ecosystem. The applicant, in collaboration with investigators from the Applied Physical Laboratory (Seattle Washington), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and University of Rhode Island, will participate in the development and coupling of an ecosystem model as part of the coupled pan-arctic Biology/Ice/Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (BIOMAS). This full coupled model is designed for synthesis and modeling of the integrated arctic system of ice cover, ocean, and marine planktonic ecosystem. The position requires publication of results in peer-reviewed journals and participation in science team and oceanographic research meetings. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Qualifications:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Required qualifications include a PhD in oceanography or other relevant Earth science, experience in numerical ecosystem model development and coupling with circulation models. Preference will be given to applicants with plankton process experience and to those with excellent communication and presentation skills. The successful candidate should be able to work independently and integrate efforts with a larger research team, and should be willing to travel. Preferred qualifications include a demonstrable commitment to promoting and enhancing diversity. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>University and Community: OSU is one of only two American universities to hold the Land-, Sea-, Sun- and Space-Grant designations and is the only Oregon institution recognized for its “very high research activity” (RU/VH) by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. OSU is comprised of 11 academic colleges with strengths in natural resources, earth dynamics and sustainability, life sciences, entrepreneurship and the arts and sciences. OSU has facilities and/or programs in every county in the state, including 12 regional experiment stations, 41 county extension offices, a branch campus in Bend, a major marine science center in Newport, and a range of programs and facilities in Portland. OSU is Oregon’s largest public research university, conducting more than 60 percent of the research funded throughout the state’s university system. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Application Deadline: Closing date is 30 November 2007.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>To Apply:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>To review posting and to apply electronically, go to </SPAN><A href="http://oregonstate.edu/jobs"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://oregonstate.edu/jobs</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">. See posting number 0001648. To review position announcement go to </SPAN><A href="http://www.coas.oregonstate.edu/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.coas.oregonstate.edu/</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Questions about the position may be directed to Yvette Spitz, phone (541-737-3227), fax (541-737-2064), or email (</SPAN><A href="mailto:yvette@coas.oregonstate.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">yvette@coas.oregonstate.edu</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">).<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">********************</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(JOB 3) <B>Three research positions</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> for 5-yr contracts -<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Marine Geology Department of INETI - Portugal <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.ineti.pt/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.ineti.pt</FONT></SPAN></A><O:P></O:P></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><B>Application deadline: Nov.13th</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> and applications should be sent by mail to </SPAN><A href="mailto:Joao.Ferreira@ineti.pt"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">Joao.Ferreira@ineti.pt</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>To check the announcements go to site eracareers, and in there you need to go to Ciencia 2007. Look for the announcements under the main research field of Earth and Atmosphere Sciences.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>C2007- FCT/319/2006 -Model Development - INETI-DGM4 - Main research field: Earth and Atmosphere Sciences </B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Job summary: The DGM looks for a candidate committed to excellence in research open to work in one of the departments' main research areas (paleoclimate, coastal research, natural hazards, environmental pollution) and /or across those different areas of research. Capacity to raise external funds for research and advice for PhD students and technicians is also expected. On this basis, we would like to contract an individual with a PhD in geology, physics or any other relevant area, with at least 3-year related post-doc experience.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Job description: Some of the currently running projects in our department are focused on the reconstruction of the climatic and oceanographic history from decadal to tectonic time scales, through the investigation of geological records, The study of past climatic and oceanographic conditions is a theme of major relevance for the prediction of future climates, because the historical and/or instrumental records are not long enough to allow the separation of natural variability from the anthropogenic influence. Investigation of the origin of different types of pollutants as well as their relation with climate and human evolution since 9,000 years ago, the time of the Neolithic explosion in population, is also underway through the comparison of climatic records to the potentially toxic substances found along short but high resolution sequences from several areas. Regarding the coastal areas, and considering the increasing probability to suffer from natural hazards and its ever-increasing population, incorrect urban planning, port facilities and recreational uses, it is urgent to understand its geological evolution and determine its most fragile areas. The predicted increase in storms intensity and periodicity due to climate change, as well as geologic hazards such as tsunamis makes costal zones even more prone to devastation. Coastal processes modeling would provide a contribution towards the explanation of the coastline evolution and the comprehension of the processes controlling it, which is fundamental for a proper adaptation to future changes. All these themes have significant implications on human society, but to get a better picture mainly at the regional level, numeric modeling, which assimilates observational data is essential. The successful candidate will celebrate a contract with INETI-Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação, I.P., or with the entities that will succeed in their atributions and competencies in the scope of the extinction process of this Institution. Applicants should send an application letter, CV with reference list, and a statement of research interest, and the contact of three possible referees.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><B>C2007-FCT/319/2006 - Natural hazards assessment and mitigation -INETI-DGM5 </B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Main research field: Earth and Atmosphere Sciences </B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Job summary: We are looking for an individual with a PhD in geology or a closely related field with at least 3-year post-doc experience to lead and develop research in the field of natural hazards of geological causes and/or oceanographic origin (such as mass wasting processes, earthquakes and tsunamis, coastal and sea floor instabilities). Candidates should have the necessary skills for the acquisition and interpretation of geological and/or geophysical data, integrate existent project teams, readiness to cooperate in research with the DGM group and other research groups within the institution (LNEG), as well as foreign partners, seek external research funds and advice PhD students and technicians and be free to imbark on marine geology missions.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Job description: The candidate will be responsible for the development of research projects, team gathering and evaluation of natural hazards and their mitigation in the Portuguese territory as well as in other parts of the world. The successful candidate will celebrate a contract with INETI-Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação, I.P., or with the entities that will succeed in their atributions and competencies in the scope of the extinction process of this Institution. Applicants should send an application letter, CV with reference list, and a statement of research interest, and the contact of three possible referees.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><B>C2007-FCT/319/2006-Paleoceanography, Stable Isotopic Geochemistry / INETI-DGM1 Main research field: Earth and Atmosphere Sciences </B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Job summary: DGM seeks a researcher, with a growing / established international reputation in the fields of Palaeoceanography/Palaeoclimatology. Preference will be given to individuals with expertise on AMS 14C dating and stable isotopes geochemistry. The candidate is expected to have a clear potential to attract funding; undertake research of the highest international quality and to nurture interdisciplinary research collaborations within the department and other institute research groups; initiate a stable isotope lab; be involved in the supervision and training of postgraduate students.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Job description: High-resolution reconstruction of the climatic and oceanographic history from decadal to millankovitch time scales, through the investigation of geological records, forms the basis of our late Quaternary projects. In such studies the chronology control is very important. Applicants should have good knowledge on the two main methods used for late Quaternary chronology, dating of the sediment components (organics or carbonates) through the measurement of radioactive carbon-14 by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and stable isotope analysis of the O contained in carbonated micro organism shells, is fundamental. The use of detailed stable isotopic studies of other elements of biologic interest (C, H, N, and S), in different materials, as well as organisms that live at different depths in the ocean to reach a better knowledge of the carbon cycle processes at the ecosystem, regional and global scale, is another area of particular interest. The successful candidate will celebrate a contract with INETI-Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação, I.P., or with the entities that will succeed in their atributions and competencies in the scope of the extinction process of this Institution. Applicants should send an application letter, CV with reference list, and a statement of research interest, and the contact of three possible referees.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(JOB 4) <B>Postdoc Fellowship</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - Global Change and Forest Dynamics - Colorado State University- Fort Collins CO (USA)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>A postdoctoral position is available at Colorado State University to work with a team of plant ecologists on aspects of global change and forest dynamics. The successful candidate will join a diverse team of investigators that work in the Northeastern U.S., the Rocky Mountain West, and the Neotropics.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The postdoc is based in Fort Collins, Colorado, with the lead investigator, Patrick Martin, but will offer collaboration opportunities with all project investigators. There are two years of guaranteed funding for the position, with an additional year possible. The start date is flexible, but preferred before May 1st, 2008. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Depending on the interests and strengths of the fellow, the postdoc will focus on interactions between global change and forest dynamics in one of three ongoing projects:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">1. Invasion ecology and dynamics<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">2. Forest response to climate change in the Rocky Mountains <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">3. Historic and future landscape forest dynamics in subtropical montane forests<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Each project is thematically and methodologically linked with a focus on generating useful predictions of forest dynamics in the face of global change. The results of field research will be integrated in a spatially-explicit, individual-based model (SORTIE-ND; </SPAN><A href="http://www.sortie-nd.org/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.sortie-nd.org</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">). A hallmark of this research and SORTIE is the clear linkage between field research and modeling, and the development and use of novel approaches to data analysis based on likelihood methods and information theory. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>QUALIFICATIONS & SKILLS.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">We seek recent PhD's with proficiency in at least some of the following areas:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">* Spatial/GIS techniques for analyzing ecological data.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">* Interest and experience using quantitative models of forest dynamics ( e.g. SORTIE).<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">* Statistical, quantitative, and programming skills (R, S-plus, etc.). Areas include maximum likelihood analysis, experimental design, general linear models, multivariate analysis, structural equation modeling, and/or simulations (Monte Carlo, etc.). <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">* Knowledge of the relevant flora: Northeastern USA, Rocky Mtns, and/or neotropical montane flora.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">* Excellent writing and communication skills.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">* Experience supervising students and technical staff in the field and laboratory. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>REQUIREMENTS.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">A Ph.D. degree in plant ecology, forestry, or related field to be completed before the start date. Research experience in forests is essential, ideally focused on forest dynamics and/or natural disturbances. Proficiency in Spanish is a must for those with interests in tropical forests. Review of applications will begin immediately and until the position is filled. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>APPLICATION PROCESS.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">Email an electronic application package including (1) a full CV, (2) PDFs of relevant publications, (3) a cover letter addressing your research interests, qualifications relevant to the position, and which of our three project areas most interests you and why, and (4) the names and contact information of 3 references. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Please send application materials or requests for further information to:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">Dr. Patrick H. Martin,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Colorado State University<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="mailto:patrick.martin@colostate.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">patrick.martin@colostate.edu</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(JOB 5) <B>Asst Prof</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> Tenure-track - Landscape Ecology - University of Illinois - Chicago IL (USA)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) invites applications for an Assistant Professor position in LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY. Applications from outstanding individuals at more senior levels (Associate, Full Professor) may also be considered. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>This is a tenure-track faculty position, which includes a joint appointment with The Department of Biological Sciences (</SPAN><A href="http://www.uic.edu/depts/bios/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.uic.edu/depts/bios/</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""> ) and UIC's Institute for Environmental Science and Policy ( <A href="http://www.iesp.uic.edu/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.iesp.uic.edu</FONT></SPAN></A> <<A href="http://www.uic.edu/depts/ovcr/iesp/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.uic.edu/depts/ovcr/iesp/</FONT></SPAN></A>> ). <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The position starts August 16, 2008. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Research areas of particular interest include, but are not limited to, multi-scale approaches to the study of 1) patterns of land use and the functioning, sustainability, or restoration of ecosystems; 2) biogeochemical or hydrologic processes and their relationship to ecological systems; and 3) invasive species ecology. Relevant research areas are not limited to these topics, and landscape ecologists with research accomplishments and interests in other areas are encouraged to apply. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Candidates must have a Ph.D., significant postdoctoral experience and a demonstrated record of research accomplishments. They will be expected to establish a vigorous, externally-funded research program, teach effectively in the Biological Science Department's undergraduate and graduate programs, and actively participate in UIC's new NSF-funded IGERT interdisciplinary doctoral training program called LEAP (Landscape, Ecological, and Anthropogenic Processes) ( <A href="http://www.leap.uic.edu/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.leap.uic.edu</FONT></SPAN></A> <<A href="http://www.leap.uic.edu/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.leap.uic.edu/</FONT></SPAN></A>> ). <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>For fullest consideration, please submit electronically at the Biological Sciences web site (<A href="http://www.uic.edu/depts/bios/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.uic.edu/depts/bios/</FONT></SPAN></A>) <B>by December 15, 2007.</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Questions about the position should be directed to the chair of the search committee, Prof. David H. Wise ( <A href="mailto:dhwise@uic.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">dhwise@uic.edu</FONT></SPAN></A> <mailto:<A href="mailto:dhwise@uic.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">dhwise@uic.edu</FONT></SPAN></A>>). <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">********************</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(JOB 6) <B>Asst Prof </B></SPAN><SPAN style="">Tenure-track - Environmental Geology - Drake University - Des Moines, Iowa<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Pending final budgetary approval, the Environmental Science and Policy Program at Drake University invites applications for a tenure-track appointment in Environmental Geology at the Assistant Professor level to begin August 2008. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The successful candidate will be a member of an innovative and interdisciplinary undergraduate program in Environmental Science and Policy within a liberal arts setting. Candidates must be committed to excellence in undergraduate teaching and able to develop a successful research program mentoring undergraduates. A PhD is preferred, although advanced ABDs will be considered. Expertise in one or more of the following areas is essential: geomorphology, hydrogeology, watershed systems or soil genesis. Teaching assignments will include Principles of Geology, Environmental Geology, and specialty courses. Strong multidisciplinary experience is necessary with ability to integrate environmental management and water resource issues into research and teaching. Proficiency in Geographic Information Systems is desirable. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Applicants should submit a letter of application, a curriculum vita, evidence of teaching effectiveness, statements on teaching philosophy and research agenda, and the contact information for three references.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><B>Review of applicants will begin December 1, 2007</B> and continue until the position is filled. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Mail to: Thomas Rosburg, Director of Environmental Science and Policy, Drake University, Des Moines, IA 50311.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Email: <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="mailto:thomas.rosburg@drake.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">thomas.rosburg@drake.edu</FONT></SPAN></A>.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">**************************************************</FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman">This newsletter has been developed by C. Susan Weiler to distribute information of potential interest to recent PhDs engaged in interdisciplinary aquatic science or climate-change research, and to build an international sense of community among recent grads. It provides an international forum for the exchange of information and opinions regarding research, professional and social issues. The views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the funding agencies or sponsoring societies. Dr. Weiler reserves the right to edit or reject material submitted to the list.</FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman"><O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman"> Please submit announcements of interest to recent PhDs to </FONT><A href="mailto:phd@whitman.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman">phd@whitman.edu</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman">. Send a short message in the body of an e-mail message, and link to any appropriate websites. Do not send attachments.</FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman"><O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman"> Moving? Send address changes to </FONT><A href="mailto:dialog@whitman.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman">dialog@whitman.edu</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman"> or </FONT><A href="mailto:disccrs@whitman.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman">disccrs@whitman.edu</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">**********</SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">C. Susan Weiler, Ph.D. </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Office for Earth System Studies Tel: 509-527-5948 </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Whitman College Fax: 509-527-5961</SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Walla Walla, WA 99362</SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=""><A href="mailto:weiler@whitman.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">weiler@whitman.edu</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> Programs for Recent PhDs </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=""><A href="http://aslo.org/phd.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://disccrs.org</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> DISCCRS poster </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=""><A href="http://aslo.org/phd.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://disccrs.org</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style=""> <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> Workshop Report, Meeting the Needs of </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Graduates in a </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> Changing Global Environment</SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><A href="http://marcus.whitman.edu/~weilercs/biocomplexity/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://marcus.whitman.edu/~weilercs/biocomplexity/</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"> <O:P></O:P></DIV><BR></BODY></HTML>