<HTML><BODY style="word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; -khtml-line-break: after-white-space; "><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B>DISCCRS News</B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><B>6/29/2007</B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style="">************************************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS<SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF"><B> </B></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B><I>FORUM</I></B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>New Website</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><B>: World Ocean Forum On-Line Event: International Polar Year</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"> <A href="http://www.thew2o.net/events/polaryear/index.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.thew2o.net/events/polaryear/index.html</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>The latest issue of C3 Views looks at the development of a vibrant bioeconomy in Alberta (Canada). </B></SPAN></DIV><SPAN style=""><B></B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.climatechangecentral.com/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=846"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">www.climatechangecentral.com/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=846</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>MYRES Proposal Organizing Committee requests vote on Proposal</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.safl.umn.edu/myres08/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.safl.umn.edu/myres08/</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see FORUM 1 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style=""><B>Jim Hansen: President Eisenhower and his scientists</B></SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see FORUM 2 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><B>Gloom and Doom in A Sunny Day</B><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/24/AR2007062401374.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/24/AR2007062401374.html</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see FORUM 3 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Ecological and Environmental Anthropology (EEA) an online, peer-reviewed journal, announces the publication of its 2007 issue.</B><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><B> </B></SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">Please visit our website: </SPAN><A href="http://eea.anthro.uga.edu/index.php/eea/index"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://eea.anthro.uga.edu/index.php/eea/index</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see FORUM 4 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF"><B> </B></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B><I>SCIENCE NEWS</I></B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style=""><B>UN Issues Desertification Warning</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6247802.stm"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6247802.stm</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="">Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/278s9k"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/278s9k</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 1 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Drifting Icebergs Are Hotspots of Life</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.examiner.com/a-793008~Drifting_Icebergs_Are_Hotspots_of_Life.html">http://www.examiner.com/a-793008~Drifting_Icebergs_Are_Hotspots_of_Life.html</A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/yozfgw"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/yozfgw</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 2 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Undersea Search Begins for Life at Top of the World</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0622/p01s03-stss.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0622/p01s03-stss.html</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="">Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/2fmnjp"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/2fmnjp</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 3 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style=""><B>Experts Warn Darfur Is "An Early Warning" of Climate Change's Effects</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003758040_darfur22.html">http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003758040_darfur22.html</A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/26gwnr"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/26gwnr</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 4 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>In Case We Can't Give Up the Cars -- Try 16 Trillion Mirrors</B></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 5 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>NASA Airborne Expedition Chases Climate, Ozone Questions</B></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 6 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Ocean less of a buffer to global warming than thought</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/May/05/local/stories/11local.htm"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/May/05/local/stories/11local.htm</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 7 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Study: All forests not created equal</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/upi/index.php?feed=Science&article=UPI-1-20070625-10510400-bc-us-forests.xml"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.sciencedaily.com/upi/index.php?feed=Science&article=UPI-1-20070625-10510400-bc-us-forests.xml</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>or </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/2yuhl3"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/2yuhl3</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 8 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Greenhouse gas burial</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/ip-ggb062107.php"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/ip-ggb062107.php</FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN></DIV></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 9 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Desert Dust Cuts Mountain Snow, May Spur Warming</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=13025&ref=rss"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=13025&ref=rss</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 10 below)</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Study Sees Climate Change Impact on Alaska</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><A href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/us/28climate.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/us/28climate.html</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Or: <A href="http://tinyurl.com/2agrul"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/2agrul</FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see NEWS 11 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B><I>JOBS</I></B></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Asst Prof</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - Climate Science - University Of California - Santa Barbara, CA (USA)<O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/about/positions/faculty.php">http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/about/positions/faculty.php</A></SPAN></DIV><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF"><B></B></FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see JOB 1 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Postdoc </B></SPAN><SPAN style="">- Sea Ice Physics, Norwegian Polar Institute – Tromso (NORWAY)</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see JOB 2 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Program Director</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, National Science Foundation - Arlington, Virginia (USA)<O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=e20070082a"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=e20070082a</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see JOB 3 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Antarctic Research Support Manager</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - Ocean Projects, Antarctic Infrastructure and Logistics Division - National Science Foundation - Arlington, Virginia (USA)<O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"> <A href="http://www.nsf.gov/about/career_opps/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.nsf.gov/about/career_opps/</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""> (<SPAN style="">Please refer to announcement number E20070087)</SPAN></SPAN></DIV></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see JOB 4 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Asst Prof/Assoc Prof</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Marine Science/Aquarium Science – University of Georgia – Savannah, GA (USA)</SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"></SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see JOB 5 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Post-doc</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - Aerosol group - PM exposure and health effects - University of Southern California – Los Angeles, CA (USA)</SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"></SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see JOB 6 below)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>Postdoc</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - meteorological modelling - Univ of Trier (Germany)</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see JOB 7 below)</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><B>PhD and Postdoc</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - 3D Modelling Of Lithosphere Extension - Department of Geosciences - Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences - University of Bergen (Norway)</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(see JOB 8 below)</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""> <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">***************************************************</FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B>Forum</B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><B><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></B></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(FORUM 1) <B>MYRES Proposal Organizing Committee requests vote on Proposal</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.safl.umn.edu/myres08/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.safl.umn.edu/myres08/</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">We have proposed that the 2008 Meeting of Young Researchers in Earth Sciences (MYRES) conference focus on “The Dynamic Interactions of Life and It’s Landscape” but we need your vote to have this specific proposal chosen! <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The MYRES conference is a biannual, 4-day meeting planned and hosted by younger members of the international Earth Sciences community. The theme for each meeting is chosen by an open vote. Our intention for this meeting is to bring together researchers from a diverse range of disciplines to examine feedback loops between ecology and geomorphology in order to identify the relevant space and time scales for these geomorphic/biotic/anthropogenic interactions. We have assembled a diverse, exciting roster of speakers and discussion moderators and hope to make this meeting accessible to a wide range of participants to tackle this emerging field and to bridge international barriers in the geomorphic community. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Please visit our website (</SPAN><A href="http://www.safl.umn.edu/myres08/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.safl.umn.edu/myres08/</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">), click on the “VOTE NOW” tab, enter your email address and select “Dynamic Interactions of Life and its Landscape” and VOTE! <B>Voting closes on July 14th.</B></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">********************<SPAN style=""></SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">(FORUM 2) <B>Jim Hansen: President Eisenhower and his scientists</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>President Eisenhower was arguably the last United States President to seek and value advice of scientists. As discussed by John Rigdon in June 2007 Physics Today, scientists played important roles in the World Wars, but they did not have substantial access to and influence upon policymakers. The brief window of influence under Eisenhower was in the wake of Sputnik, being preconditioned by Eisenhower's tenure as President of Columbia University, where he grew to respect I.I. Rabi. Following Sputnik, Eisenhower established the President's Science Advisory Committee with Rabi as chairman.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Rigdon describes a conversation of James Killian with Eisenhower in Walter Reed Hospital shortly before Eisenhower's death, with the former President surrounded by instruments relevant to cardiac care, and his heartbeats visible on an oscilloscope. Eisenhower asked about "my scientists" and said "You know, Jim, this bunch of scientists was one of the few groups that I encountered in Washington who seemed to be there to help the country and not to help themselves."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Rigdon is probably right about the lack of substantial influence of scientists on national policymakers today. Congress does not call on the National Academy of Sciences for broad assessment on how to deal with global climate change, nor does the President call on a Science Advisory Committee. Unless the public becomes sufficiently concerned to demand otherwise, it seems that special interests will continue to have undue sway in energy/climate policies.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Until community advisory pathways are sought, we can still try to provoke needed discussions in various ways. "How Can We Avert Dangerous Climate Change" is a slightly edited version of recent congressional testimony to which I have added a number of references that I did not have time to compile prior to the testimony.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>This paper has been submitted to the physics electronic preprints ArXiv where it will be permanently available at <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://arxiv.org/abs/0706.3720"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://arxiv.org/abs/0706.3720</FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></A></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It is encouraging that recent discussions in Congress have at least recognized the demerits of proposals such as corn-based ethanol to fuel automobiles and coal-to-liquid fuels. In the absence of an overall strategy, it is still useful to avoid big steps in the wrong direction.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I will be on travel the next two weeks.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">Jim<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal">(FORUM 3) <B>Gloom and Doom in A Sunny Day</B><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/24/AR2007062401374.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/24/AR2007062401374.html</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Op Ed in Washington Post By Emily Yoffe - Monday, June 25, 2007 - It was a mild January evening, and people had filled the restaurant's outdoor patio. As our group walked past the tables, one of my friends said, "This terrifies me." I don't know if she was reassured later by the chilly April, but we are all supposed to be terrified of the weather now.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In "An Inconvenient Truth," Al Gore tells us that unless drastic global changes are made, our cities will be inundated and those of us who haven't drowned will face a world wracked by cataclysmic weather and swarming with pestilence. One of his devotees, actor Leonardo DiCaprio, is coming out with his own environmental horror movie warning of human extinction if we continue living as we are. This would have a negative effect on the box office, but extinction might be preferable to the future Gore envisions.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(continued...)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Also: Response from John McQuaid (Huffington Post)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">The Global Warming Alarm: Too Shrill?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><A href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-mcquaid/the-global-warming-alarm_b_53604.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-mcquaid/the-global-warming-alarm_b_53604.html</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal">********************</DIV></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(FORUM 4) <B>Ecological and Environmental Anthropology (EEA) an online, peer-reviewed journal, announces the publication of its 2007 issue.</B><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><B> </B></SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">Please visit our website: </SPAN><A href="http://eea.anthro.uga.edu/index.php/eea/index"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://eea.anthro.uga.edu/index.php/eea/index</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>*EEA* is currently accepting submissions for 2008 from diverse disciplines including anthropology, conservation biology, ecology, environmental studies, geography, political science, and sociology, as well as practitioners who specialize in conservation, health, resource management and other issues in human ecology.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The mission of *EEA* is to engage in the exploration of the complex, dynamic, and multifaceted relationships between humans and their social and physical environments. We hope to provide fertile ground for the integration of the various subfields of anthropology and foster interdisciplinary dialog among academics within anthropology, scholars in other social and natural science fields, and non-academic professionals in all fields engaged in the study of human-environment relationships.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Through the online format of this journal, we strive to be on the cutting edge of technological innovations that aid in the dissemination of research in ecological and environmental anthropology. In addition to traditional written articles, we encourage submissions that take full advantage of the medium and push the boundaries of conventional scholarly communication, from audio/visual presentations to online symposia. Peer-reviewed submissions will present original research, critical reviews of published works, and new eco-cultural models and paradigms.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Interested contributors should refer to our web site for submission guidelines: </SPAN><A href="http://eea.anthro.uga.edu/index.php/eea/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://eea.anthro.uga.edu/index.php/eea/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">. Electronic submissions are preferred and should be sent to </SPAN><A href="mailto:eea@uga.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">eea@uga.edu</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">***************************************************</FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B>Science News</B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="">(NEWS 1) <B>UN Issues Desertification Warning</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6247802.stm"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6247802.stm</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="">Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/278s9k"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/278s9k</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>BBC News Online - Tens of millions of people could be driven from their homes by encroaching deserts, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Central Asia, a report says. The study by the United Nations University suggests climate change is making desertification "the greatest environmental challenge of our times."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>If action is not taken, the report warns that some 50 million people could be displaced within the next 10 years. The study was produced by more than 200 experts from 25 countries.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>This report does not pull any punches, says BBC environment reporter Matt McGrath. One third of the Earth's population - home to about two billion people - are potential victims of its creeping effect, it says.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="">********************</SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 2) <B>Drifting Icebergs Are Hotspots of Life</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.examiner.com/a-793008~Drifting_Icebergs_Are_Hotspots_of_Life.html">http://www.examiner.com/a-793008~Drifting_Icebergs_Are_Hotspots_of_Life.html</A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/yozfgw"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/yozfgw</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>San Francisco Examiner - WASHINGTON - Icebergs that break off Antarctica and drift away turn out to be hotspots of life in the cold southern ocean, researchers report. Climate warming has led to an increase in the number of icebergs breaking away from the Antarctic in recent years, and a team of researchers set out to study the impact the giant ice chunks were having on the environment.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Turns out, the melting ice also dumps particles scraped off Antarctica into the ocean, providing a pool of nutrients that feed plankton and tiny shrimplike creatures known as krill. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Indeed, the researchers led by Kenneth L. Smith Jr., of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in Moss Landing, Calif., found an increase in life forms surrounding a pair of icebergs they studied. The abundance extended nearly 2 1/2 miles away from the drifting ice, they report in this week's online edition of the journal Science.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 3) <B>Undersea Search Begins for Life at Top of the World</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0622/p01s03-stss.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0622/p01s03-stss.html</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="">Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/2fmnjp"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/2fmnjp</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Christian Science Monitor - Ice-covered and isolated, the Arctic Ocean has been stingier with its deepest secrets than any other of Earth's oceans. It might as well be on another planet.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Now, armed with a unique set of robotic tools, an international team of scientists is heading there to hunt for life along a little-explored gash in the ocean floor known as the Gakkel Ridge.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>A decade ago, the project would have seemed quixotic. But since then, scientists have uncovered evidence suggesting that spots along this oddball ridge might be capable of supplying the heat and nutrients to support colonies of creatures that thrive in the pitch-black water thousands of feet below the surface. Once that evidence emerged, the search for basic life in one of the world's most inaccessible places became a must, say several of the scientists involved. The voyage begins July 1.</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">********************<SPAN style=""></SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">(NEWS 4) <B>Experts Warn Darfur Is "An Early Warning" of Climate Change's Effects</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003758040_darfur22.html">http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003758040_darfur22.html</A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Or: </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/26gwnr"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/26gwnr</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Seattle Times - DAMRAT SURMI, Sudan - Decades of drought helped trigger Darfur's violence as rival groups fought over scarce water and arable land. Now, experts fear the war and its refugee crisis are making the environment worse, leaving the land increasingly uninhabitable and intensifying tensions.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Darfur's disaster could be repeated in much of North Africa and the Middle East, experts say, because growing populations are straining a limited water supply. Data show rainfall steadily declining in the region, possibly because of weather changes linked to global warming.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"The consciousness of the world on the issue of climate change has to change fast," said Muawia Shaddad, of the Sudan Environment Conservation Society. "Darfur is just an early warning."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">********************</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 5) <B>
In Case We Can't Give Up the Cars -- Try 16 Trillion Mirrors</B></SPAN><SPAN style="">
<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>WSJournal June 22, 2007- What if we wait too long to act on global warming? What if nothing we do is enough? Already, scientists are working up plans of last resort: stratospheric sprays of sulfur, trillions of orbiting mirrors and thousands of huge off-shore saltwater fountains.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Each is designed to counteract global warming by deliberately deflecting sunlight, rather than by retooling the world's economy to eliminate carbon-rich oil, coal and natural gas.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Some scientists argue that such actions might be easier and relatively cheaper. Until recently though, whenever University of Maryland economist Thomas Schelling, recipient of a 2005 Nobel Prize, raised such geo-engineering ideas, "half the audience thought I was crazy and the other half thought I was dangerous," he said. As global temperatures rise and greenhouse-gas emissions accelerate, however, even wild ideas are becoming respectable.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>One now under more serious scrutiny was inspired by volcanoes. Climate researcher Tom Wigley at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., and Nobel Prize-winning chemist Paul Crutzen at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz, Germany, last year proposed that an overheated planet could be safely cooled by an artificial haze of sulfur particles, which would reflect solar radiation. The 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo spewed enough sulfates to lower the average world temperature by almost one degree Fahrenheit for a year, with no apparent ill effects. A sulfate sunshade might cost $400 million a year.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Earlier this month, researchers at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D.C., released the most precise computer studies yet evaluating the controversial sunshade idea. Their findings, reported in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, revealed that a last-ditch engineering effort to block sunlight could reverse global warming -- at least temporarily. Indeed, it could lower average temperatures to levels not seen since 1900. "Every study we do seems to indicate it would work," said Carnegie climate modeler Ken Caldeira.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Dr. Caldeira and his colleague Damon Matthews at Concordia University in Montreal calculated the effects of curbing solar radiation instead of CO2 emissions over the next 75 years. They tested 11 different scenarios in a complex computer simulation of the world's climate. They didn't weigh the merits of any particular engineering plan but instead evaluated the broad effects of lowering solar radiation as a counterweight to rising carbon-dioxide emissions. In every case, the planet quickly cooled, often in as little time as five years.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The computer scenarios also revealed the quandaries of climate control without emissions reductions. Even on a cooler planet, oceans still would become more acidic because excess carbon dioxide would continue to leach into sea water, endangering marine wildlife and commercial fisheries. Regional rainfall also would be disrupted, the researchers reported. The world would become much drier.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>All in all, geo-engineering is no substitute for reducing greenhouse gases because it can only suppress the symptoms of global warming, the scientists calculated. It might even make things worse. "If the system failed, for technical or political reasons, you would be compressing a century's worth of climate change into a decade or so," said Dr. Caldeira. Depending on the scenario they tested, the rebounding climate could heat up 10-to-20 times faster than today, or as much as 7 degrees Fahrenheit per decade.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">
"The dangers clearly are very large," said ocean chemist Peter Brewer at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Even the most fervent proponents of geo-engineering are reluctant to sound enthusiastic.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"Nobody likes geo-engineering at all," added University of Arizona astronomer Roger Angel. Even so, Prof. Angel proposed a plan in the journal Science last year to cool Earth by orbiting 16 trillion tiny mirrors -- at a cost also in the trillions. "Just as insurance, we ought to be thinking about it," Prof. Angel said.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Many geo-engineering advocates are desperate for a safety net, worried that people can't cut greenhouse gas emissions quickly enough to make a difference. Since 2000, world-wide CO2 emissions have risen at a faster rate than the most pessimistic trends envisioned by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Carnegie researchers reported last month. "I don't think we can globally reduce emissions enough," said Dr. Wigley. "Forget the politics; I don't think we can do it technologically."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>For Nobel laureate Schelling, the political advantages of geo-engineering outweigh its technical risks. It may be easier to launch a climate-control project than to persuade people all over the world to stop using fossil fuels. "It drastically converts the whole subject of climate change from one of regulation involving six billion people to a simple matter of a budgetary agreement about how to manage the modest cost," Prof. Schelling said. "I think geo-engineering is going to be the deus ex machina that will save the day."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In case of climate emergency, please break glass. Inside, find contingency plans.</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 6) <B>NASA Airborne Expedition Chases Climate, Ozone Questions</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>June 27, 2007 - RELEASE: 07-144<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>WASHINGTON -- NASA's Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4) field campaign will begin this summer in San Jose, Costa Rica, with an investigation into how chemical compounds in the air are transported vertically into the stratosphere and how that transport affects cloud formation and climate.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The study will begin the week of July 16 with coordinated observations from satellites, high-flying NASA research aircraft, balloons and ground-based radar. The targets of these measurements are the gases, aerosols and ice crystals that flow from the top of the strong storm systems that form over the warm tropical ocean. These storm systems pump air more than 40,000 feet above Earth's surface, where it can influence the composition of the stratosphere, home of our planet's protective ozone layer.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The outflow of these storms also produces vast swaths of icy cirrus clouds that play an important role in how much infrared energy is trapped in Earth's atmosphere. Scientists want to document the full life cycle of these widespread clouds -- down to the size and shape of their tiny ice crystals -- to better understand how Earth will react to a warming climate.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"This campaign is an unprecedented opportunity to use NASA's complete suite of satellite and airborne Earth-observing capabilities to investigate a largely unexplored region of the atmosphere," said Michael J. Kurylo, a TC4 program scientist at NASA Headquarters, Washington. "This tropical transitional layer of the atmosphere between the troposphere and the stratosphere plays a key role in both climate change science and atmospheric ozone chemistry. The data will yield new insights into the composition of this layer and the impact of the deep clouds that penetrate the atmosphere up into this layer."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The effort runs through Aug. 8. It is NASA's largest Earth science field campaign of the year.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"A mission this complex, with three aircraft, deployment sites in Costa Rica and Panama, and more than 400 people involved, can be a real challenge," said Mission Project Manager Marilyn Vasques of NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Soaring high above the cloud systems will be a NASA ER-2 aircraft, which can reach an altitude of 70,000 feet, or 3 miles into the stratosphere. A NASA WB-57 aircraft will fly into the cirrus clouds and sample the chemical make-up of the storm systems' outflow. NASA's DC-8 aircraft will probe the region between the troposphere and the stratosphere (known as the tropopause transitional layer) with remote-sensing instruments. It also will sample cloud particles and air chemistry at lower altitudes. A weather radar and meteorological balloons will be deployed in Panama to support the campaign. Additional balloons will be launched from Costa Rica and San Cristobal Island in the Galapagos Archipelago.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Observations from seven satellites will complement the aircraft measurements with large-scale views of many different features of the atmosphere. For example, the Aura spacecraft will focus on the chemical composition of the tropopause transitional layer and measure ozone, water vapor, carbon monoxide and particles. NASA's Aqua satellite will map thin cirrus clouds, some of which are so faint they are nearly invisible to the naked eye. Instruments on the CALIPSO and CloudSat satellites will pierce the atmosphere to provide vertical profiles of clouds and aerosol particles that can change how clouds form.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Along the coasts of Colombia and Panama south of Costa Rica, the warm summer waters of the Pacific Ocean are a fertile breeding ground for the type of heat-driven, or convective, storm systems the mission is targeting. Clouds produced by these maritime systems produce heavy rainfall and cloud tops that can reach into the transitional layer.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Mission scientists want to know what effect a warming climate with rising ocean temperatures will have on the intensity of these storm systems. Another unknown is how aerosol particles swept up in these systems change the clouds and are, in turn, affected by the clouds. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>These tropical convective systems also may play a role in the recovery of the ozone layer. Estimates of ozone destruction in the stratosphere typically minimize the impact of short-lived chemical compounds that presumably could not survive the long journey there. Mission scientists will investigate whether the rapid movement of air in these strong convective systems provides an express route for ozone-destroying compounds to reach the stratosphere.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The Earth Science Division at NASA Headquarters is sponsoring the $12 million mission. Costa Rica's National Center for High Technology, San Jose, and the University of Panama, Las Tablas, are cooperating with NASA on the mission as are other U.S. agencies, such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Science Foundation.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>For more information about NASA's TC4 mission, visit:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.espo.nasa.gov/tc4"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.espo.nasa.gov/tc4</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 7) <B>Ocean less of a buffer to global warming than thought </B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/May/05/local/stories/11local.htm"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/May/05/local/stories/11local.htm </FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>A new study of Pacific Ocean plankton throws a wrench into scientists' understanding of how the world's oceans will respond to climate change.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>While researchers have long viewed the seas as a deposit for carbon dioxide - the lead cause of human-influenced warming in the atmosphere - two deep-water expeditions looking at plankton suggest the ocean might not be able to store as much carbon as previously thought. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"Without long-term carbon storage at depth, the ocean can do little to stem the increase in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide," said Ken Buesseler a biogeochemist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts who led the study. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>UC Santa Cruz was also involved in the research, which was published in the April 27 edition of the journal Science. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The publication comes as an international panel of scientists commissioned by the United Nations warns that greenhouse gas levels must be stabilized or dire environmental damage will result. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The oceans research was prompted by two monthlong voyages to probe the ocean's twilight zone - the murky waters between the sunny surface and the profoundly dark deep sea, about 300 to 3,000 feet below the surface. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"We know very little about this layer, the twilight zone, where organic material either passes through or gets burned up and returns as carbon dioxide to the atmosphere," said Mary Silver, a UC Santa Cruz marine biologist. She was part of the team of scientists that sampled plankton in the warm waters off Hawaii and in the frigid northwest Pacific, off the coast of Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Plankton, a humble drifter that feeds many of the ocean's larger creatures, outweighs all other marine life in the deep ocean. Some plankton, such as algae and cyanobacteria, sop up man-made carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Half of the carbon dioxide that humans produce is locked away in oceans, Buesseler said. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>When plankton dies, it can fall to the ocean floor, preventing its carbon biomass from returning to the Earth's atmosphere. Alternatively, other organisms such as bacteria can gobble up the dead plankton as it descends through the ocean's twilight zone. Eventually, that carbon will re-enter the atmosphere. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Those two possibilities determine how much carbon the oceans can keep from reaching the atmosphere. Once at the ocean's floor, dead plankton - also called marine snow - can remain there for centuries or millennia because of low water circulation. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>To gauge the ocean's role as a carbon graveyard, the international team of researchers collected ocean samples at various depths in the ocean's twilight zone during voyages in 2004 and 2005.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"We worked our little tails off for a month collecting water samples over the side, and trawling nets," Silver said. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>At one site, off the coast of Hawaii, the team discovered that just 20 percent of the carbon stored in marine snow made it through the twilight zone to the ocean's floor. While in the northwest Pacific, off the coast of Japan, more than 50 percent of the dead matter went uneaten. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>That difference could complicate efforts to predict how the oceans will guard against the effects of climate change. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The make-up of the marine snow could explain the difference between the two sites. The colder site, near Russia, had larger and heavier and bits of plankton waste that sunk to the ocean floor faster. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Furthermore, the warmer waters in Hawaii may have spurred bacteria to consume more of the marine snow and kept the carbon afloat.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>If global warming increases ocean temperatures and makes them more like the Hawaiian site, less carbon would make its way to the bottom of the ocean. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The difference could have a profound effect on climate, Buesseler said.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"Temperatures would rise faster than current models would predict"</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 8) <B>Study: All forests not created equal</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/upi/index.php?feed=Science&article=UPI-1-20070625-10510400-bc-us-forests.xml"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.sciencedaily.com/upi/index.php?feed=Science&article=UPI-1-20070625-10510400-bc-us-forests.xml</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>or </SPAN><A href="http://tinyurl.com/2yuhl3"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/2yuhl3</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Science magazine - BOULDER, Colo., June 25 (UPI) -- A U.S.-led science team has determined forests in northern mid- and upper-latitudes are less effective than tropical forests in reducing global warming. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The study, led by Britton Stephens of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, concluded that intact tropical forests are removing an unexpectedly high proportion of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thereby partially offsetting carbon entering the air through industrial emissions and deforestation. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"This research fills in another piece of the complex puzzle on how the Earth system functions," said Cliff Jacobs of the National Science Foundation. "These findings will be viewed as a milestone in discoveries about our planet's 'metabolism.'" <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Stephens and colleagues analyzed air samples collected by aircraft around the world for decades and found some 40 percent of the carbon dioxide assumed to be absorbed by northern forests is instead being taken up in the tropics. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"Our study will provide researchers with a much better understanding of how trees and other plants respond to industrial emissions of carbon dioxide, which is a critical problem in global warming," Stephens said. "This will help us better predict climate change and identify possible strategies for mitigating it."</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 9) <B>Greenhouse gas burial</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/ip-ggb062107.php"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/ip-ggb062107.php</FONT></SPAN></A><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Deep coal seams that are not commercially viable for coal production could be used for permanent underground storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) generated by human activities, thus avoiding atmospheric release, according to two studies published in Inderscience's International Journal of Environment and Pollution. An added benefit of storing CO2 in this way is that additional useful methane will be displaced from the coal beds. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Finding ways to store (sequester) the greenhouse gas CO2, indefinitely, is one approach being investigated in efforts to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels and so help combat climate change. CO2 might be pumped into oil wells to extract the last few drops of oil or be placed deep underground in brine aquifers or unmineable coal seams. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory have carried out initial investigations into the potential environmental impacts of CO2 sequestration in unmineable coal seams. The research team collected 2000 coal samples from 250 coal beds across 17 states. Some sources of coal harbor vast quantities of methane, or natural gas. Low-volatile rank coals, for instance, average the highest methane content, 13 cubic meters per tonne of coal. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The researchers found that the depth from which a coal sample is taken reflects the average methane content, with much deeper seams containing less methane. However, the study provides only a preliminary assessment of the possibilities. The key question is whether methane can be tapped from the unmineable coal seams and replaced permanently with huge quantities of carbon dioxide; if so, such coal seams could represent a vast sink for CO2 produced by industry. The researchers point out that worldwide, there are almost 3 trillions tonnes of storage capacity for CO2 in such deep coal seams. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>To replicate actual geological conditions, NETL has built a Geological Sequestration Core Flow Laboratory (GSCFL). A wide variety of CO2 injection experiments in coal and other rock cores (e.g., sandstone) are being performed under in situ conditions of triaxial stress, pore pressure, and temperature. Preliminary results obtained from Pittsburgh No. 8 coal indicate that the permeability decreases (from micro-darcies to nano-darcies or extremely low flow properties) with increasing CO2 pressure, with an increase in strain associated with the triaxial confining pressures restricting the ability of the coal to swell. The already existing low pore volume of the coal is decreased, reducing the flow of CO2, measured as permeability. This is a potential problem that will have to be overcome if coal seam sequestration is to be widely used. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The research team has also investigated some of the possible side-effects of sequestering CO2 in coal mines. They tested a high volatility bituminous coal with produced water and gaseous carbon dioxide at 40 Celsius and 50 times atmospheric pressure. They used microscopes and X-ray diffraction to analyze the coal after the reaction was complete. They found that some toxic metals originally trapped in the coal were released by the process, contaminating the water used in the reaction. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"Changes in water chemistry and the potential for mobilizing toxic trace elements from coal beds are potentially important factors to be considered when evaluating deep, unmineable coal seams for CO2 sequestration, though it is also possible that, considering the depth of the injection, that such effects might be harmless" the researchers say. "The concentrations of beryllium, cadmium, mercury, and zinc increased significantly, though both beryllium and mercury remained below drinking water standards." However, toxic arsenic, molybdenum, lead, antimony, selenium, titanium, thallium, vanadium, and iodine were not detected in the water, although they were present in the original coal samples.</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">********************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(NEWS 10) <B>Desert Dust Cuts Mountain Snow, May Spur Warming </B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><A href="http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=13025&ref=rss"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=13025&ref=rss</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Reuters - WASHINGTON -- Desert dust blown onto Rocky Mountain peaks has cut the duration of snow-cover by a month or more, and the same thing is probably happening in the Alps and Himalayas, researchers reported Monday. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In a phenomenon likely to spur global warming, the reflective white of snow is replaced by darker dust deposits that absorb the sun's rays, heating up the lower atmosphere, said Tom Painter, a scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Colorado. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Speaking by telephone from Mont Blanc in Switzerland, Painter described an orange tinge he had seen on the snow of nearby Dome de Miage, which he attributed to dust carried from the Sahara in Africa. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Painter said he had observed dust-laden snow on the Tien Shan Mountains in China, and the same likely held true for parts of the Himalayas. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"I don't know of any mountain ranges that are not experiencing dust deposition," Painter said. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Dust in small doses can help to form snowflakes, but the dust that cuts the length of snow-pack in the Rockies by about 20 to 35 days a year comes in a swirling blanket, spawned by wind storms in desert or drought-stricken areas, Painter and his co-authors wrote online in Geophysical Research Letters. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The fact that dust deposits can melt mountain snow by decreasing the ability to reflect sunlight has long been established; what is new, Painter said, is the degree to which this affects snow cover. One month less of snow "is an enormous change," he said. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The desert dust-mountain snow system warms up the lower atmosphere in what climate scientists call a positive feedback loop, Painter explained: "The hotter it gets, the less snow cover you have ... and that provides a darker surface that can absorb more solar radiation and that warms things even more." <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The cause for the diminished snow cover in Colorado's San Juan Mountains is dust carried from the Colorado Plateau, some 200 miles away, where Colorado, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico come together in an area known as Four Corners, the researchers said. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The underlying reason for the increased dust is changes in land use starting in the mid-19th century, Painter said. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>"About 75 percent of the Western United States has been affected by grazing, by agriculture, by mining," he said. "Generally these lands were pretty stable prior to the large-scale introduction of grazing and agriculture." <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Without natural grasses to stabilize the soil, more of it turned to desert and more dust blew into the mountains. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Most climate models predict more drying and warming in the U.S. desert Southwest, causing soil moisture to decrease, which means less vegetation to stabilize the soil and probably more dust emission, Painter said. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>This, in turn, could mean even more intense snow melt, earlier in the year, spurring the whole cycle, he said.</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">********************<SPAN style=""></SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">(NEWS 11) <B>Study Sees Climate Change Impact on Alaska</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><A href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/us/28climate.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/us/28climate.html</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Or: <A href="http://tinyurl.com/2agrul"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://tinyurl.com/2agrul</FONT></SPAN></A><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>New York Times (Registration Required) - Many of Alaska's roads, runways, railroads and water and sewer systems will wear out more quickly and cost more to repair or replace because of climate change, according to a study released [Wednesday].<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Higher temperatures, melting permafrost, a reduction in polar ice and increased flooding are expected to raise the repair and replacement cost of thousands of infrastructure projects as much as $6.1 billion for a total of nearly $40 billion - about a 20 percent increase - from now to 2030, according to the study by the Institute for Social and Economic Research at the University of Alaska Anchorage.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The cost estimates are based on the needs of nearly 16,000 pieces of public infrastructure, including airports and small segments of roads. The researchers speculated that in the distant future the costs would level off as the agencies adapted their practices to the warmer climate.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">***************************************************</FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><B>Jobs</B></SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">Planktonnet: Great listserv for aquatic-science jobs<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">To subscribe to the list, send an empty email to:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><A href="mailto:planktonnet-subscribe@yahoogroups.com"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">planktonnet-subscribe@yahoogroups.com</FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">Or, visit <A href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/planktonnet/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://groups.yahoo.com/group/planktonnet/</FONT></SPAN></A> and click on 'Join this group' </SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal">********************<O:P></O:P></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(JOB 1) <B>Asst Prof</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - Climate Science - University Of California - Santa Barbara, CA (USA) <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/about/positions/faculty.php">http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/about/positions/faculty.php</A><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Geography, invites applications for a tenure-track position for a tenure-track position at the Assistant Professor level in Climate Science effective July 1, 2008, Ph.D. required. The Department seeks candidates whose research and teaching interests focus on understanding coupled climate processes using numerical modeling and observations. Research focus areas include climate scale interactions of the atmosphere with terrestrial, oceanic and/or cryospheric processes; global climate change and its feedbacks with regional climates; climate impacts on humankind and potential feedbacks; and the role of the mesoscale atmospheric processes in climate and climate change. The successful applicant should be versed in the use of observational data (e.g., remote sensing, historical or paleo records) as well as in the numerical and/or mathematical modeling of climate. It is expected that the candidate should be able to (1) conduct state of the art research in association with the diverse group of scholars in the Departments of Geography, Earth Science and Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, the Institute for Computational Earth System Science, the Marine Science Institute, and the Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management; (2) help focus interdisciplinary graduate training and research programs in the study of Earth's climate and its changes; and (3) to teach classes at both the graduate and undergraduate level in physical geography and atmospheric sciences. <B>Application deadline is October 15, 2007.</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Qualified applicants should send their complete curriculum vitae, statement of research and teaching interests, and names of three referees with addresses preferably by email to: </SPAN><A href="mailto:recruit@geog.ucsb.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">climate_search@geog.ucsb.edu</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""> or by mail to: Search Committee
, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal">********************</DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(JOB 2) <B>Postdoc </B></SPAN><SPAN style="">- Sea Ice Physics, Norwegian Polar Institute – Tromso (NORWAY)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><B> </B></SPAN><B>Application Deadline: Friday, 13 July 2007</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI), Polar Climate Program, invites applications for a 2.5-year postdoctoral research position in sea ice physics.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The successful applicant will conduct research on climate-related physical processes in sea ice, with special focus on the surface albedo feedback process. Studies will include detailed sea ice and snow physics observations, optical measurements with spectroradiometers, and observations of the relevant physical and meteorological parameters and fluxes in the atmosphere-ice-ocean system. Substantial parts of the fieldwork will be conducted on ship-based drifting ice stations. The main area of this work will be the Arctic Ocean, the Greenland Sea and Fram Strait, and adjacent seas. This work will be a part of the Norwegian activities within the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-2008 on the project " integrated Arctic Ocean Observing System (iAOOS) Norway: Closing the Loop." Close collaboration with other national project partners (e.g. Norwegian Meteorological Institute) and international partners on this project and closely related projects, such as DAMOCLES (EU), is expected. The candidate must be willing to participate in scientific cruises and fieldwork in the Arctic.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>NPI seeks candidates with background in areas including snow physics, sea ice physics, optical properties of sea ice, and their roles in the climate system. The applicant must hold a PhD or possess equivalent experience within sea ice physics or related fields. Experience from sea ice fieldwork/cruises and data analysis is an asset. The position is open and the successful candidate may start at the earliest possible time. Female scientists are encouraged to apply for the position.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Applications should include a CV, names of at least two referees, list of publications, and details of the relevant qualifications and experience. NPI prefers that an electronic application be submitted at: </SPAN><A href="http://www.jobbnorge.no/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.jobbnorge.no</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Paper copies may be sent to: Norwegian Polar Institute, Polar Environmental Centre, 9296 Tromso, Norway<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>NPI is Norway's central institution for research, environmental monitoring, and mapping of the polar regions. NPI is the Norwegian authorities' consultant and supplier of knowledge, and contributes to the best possible administration of Norwegian polar areas. Approximately 115 persons are employed at NPI in Tromso, Svalbard, and Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica (DML).<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>For further information about iAOOS, please go to: </SPAN><A href="http://www.iaoos.no/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.iaoos.no</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">/<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>For further information about this position, please contact: Sebastian Gerland, Phone: +47-7775-0554<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>E-mail: </SPAN><A href="mailto:gerland@npolar.no"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">gerland@npolar.no</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal">********************<O:P></O:P><O:P></O:P></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(JOB 3) <B>Program Director</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, National Science Foundation - Arlington, Virginia (USA)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><A href="http://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=e20070082a"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=e20070082a</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><B>Application Deadline Extended To: Monday, 9 July 2007</B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The Division of Antarctic Sciences in the Office of Polar Programs at the National Science Foundation seeks an outstanding scientist for the position of Program Director, Antarctic Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences Program. The Program Director will lead, develop, and manage a world-class, proposal-driven research program across the broad range of sub-fields of Antarctic ocean, atmospheric, and climate sciences. The incumbent will be responsible for proposal evaluation, project development and support, program planning, and related administrative duties.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Applicants must have a PhD or equivalent experience in ocean, atmospheric, or climate sciences, preferably with knowledge of Antarctic or polar sciences. In addition, six years of successful research or related experiences beyond the PhD are required. Deployment to the Antarctic is required. Consequently, applicants must be able to pass a comprehensive medical and dental examination to qualify for travel to the Antarctic.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Applicants may also obtain a copy of the full announcement by contacting Myra Loyd at 703-292-4363. Hearing impaired individuals may call TDD 703-292-8044.</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal">********************<O:P></O:P></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(JOB 4) <B>Antarctic Research Support Manager</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - Ocean Projects, Antarctic Infrastructure and Logistics Division - National Science Foundation - Arlington, Virginia (USA)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"> <A href="http://www.nsf.gov/about/career_opps/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.nsf.gov/about/career_opps/</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""> (<SPAN style="">Please refer to announcement number E20070087)</SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>NSF's Office of Polar Programs seeks qualified candidates for the position of the Antarctic Research Support Manager—Ocean Projects in the Antarctic Infrastructure and Logistics Division. The incumbent annually will plan, develop, and coordinate operations support plans for up to 50 scientific projects that are supported on one of two research vessels, as well as other special projects that are supported on land by these vessels or are on other contracted or foreign nation vessels. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Appointment to this position will be made under the Excepted Authority of the NSF Act. For the AD-4 level, applicants must have a Ph.D. or equivalent experience in an appropriate field.<SPAN style=""> </SPAN></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""> Please refer to announcement number E20070087, for position requirements and application procedures located on NSF's Division of Human Resource Management website at </SPAN><A href="http://www.nsf.gov/about/career_opps/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.nsf.gov/about/career_opps/</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""> Applicants may also obtain additional information about the announcements by contacting Yvonne Woodward on 703-292-4386. Hearing impaired individuals may call TDD (703) 292-8044. <B>Applications must be received by 7/24/2007.</B></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal">********************<SPAN style=""></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="font-family:Helvetica">(JOB 5) <B>Asst Prof/Assoc Prof</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Marine Science/Aquarium Science – University of Georgia – Savannah, GA (USA)<O:P></O:P></SPAN><O:P></O:P></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>POSITION DESCRIPTION:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Savannah State University, a unit of the University System of Georgia, located in Savannah, Georgia, seeks a faculty member to serve as lead instructor for a new aquarium science certificate program. The position involves developing and teaching new courses (e.g. Aquaculture/aquarium systems design and life support, Nutrition, disease and health management, Water and environmental quality, Aquarium science internship), possible other relevant teaching assignments, developing advertising and recruitment materials and recruiting, coordinating student internships at partner national, regional, and/or local public aquaria, and contributing to implementation of a Savannah State University/The Georgia Aquarium Cooperative Agreement.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>We seek an individual who can also advise undergraduate students, graduate students, and develop research programs.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Marine Science degree programs, faculty, and other information are all available at <A href="http://www.savstate.edu/scitech/scmath/html/marine/index.html">http://www.savstate.edu/scitech/scmath/html/marine/index.html</A>.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Applicants should have earned a Ph.D. degree in a field related to marine sciences.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>APPLICATION DEADLINE/START DATE: <B>Review of applications will begin September 4, 2007</B></SPAN><SPAN style="">. Position begins in January 2, 2008.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>HOW TO APPLY: Send application including a current curriculum vita, names, addresses, email addresses, and telephone numbers of three references, and a letter summarizing research/teaching experience, career goals, and ability to teach undergraduate and graduate classes currently offered at SSU to: Chair, Marine Science Faculty Search Committee, Post Office Box 20600, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>31404<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal">********************</DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(JOB 6) <B>Post-doc</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - Aerosol group - PM exposure and health effects - University of Southern California – Los Angeles, CA (USA) <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Starting this fall (around September 2007), we will have 3 new post doctoral positions available in the aerosol group at USC (<</SPAN><A href="http://www.usc.edu/aerosol"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.usc.edu/aerosol</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">></SPAN><A href="http://www.usc.edu/aerosol"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">www.usc.edu/aerosol</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">). Funding for these positions will be for approximately 3-4 years, renewed annually, depending on performance. The work will be in the area of PM exposure and health effects and will be funded by the California Air Resources Board and the EPA Southern California Particle Center. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Aerosol Group Web Site: </SPAN><A href="http://www.usc.edu/aerosol"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">www.usc.edu/aerosol</FONT></SPAN></A></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal">***********************</DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(JOB 7) <B>Postdoc</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - meteorological modelling - Univ of Trier (Germany)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>We are currently seeking a scientist for meso/microscale simulations. The work is part of the DFG priority programme 'Quantitative precipitation forecast' <</SPAN><A href="http://www.meteo.uni-bonn.de/projekte/SPPMeteo"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">http://www.meteo.uni-bonn.de/projekte/SPPMeteo</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="">>. The main goal of the project is to examine the influence of the orography and surface conditions associated with mesoscale mountains for convection. The simulations will be performed using our FOOT3DK model, which is run in a LINUX environment.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>We offer a 50% position TV-L EG13 (formely BAT-IIa) for one year with a possible prolongation for three years.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>We expect:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">- experience of computer programming in Fortran and LINUX<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">- some familiarity with numerical modelling of the atmosphere<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">- analytical skills and team spirit <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Of advantage is also knowledge in mesoscale meteorology, cloud physics and flow dynamics. The place of employment is Trier, your office can be located at Trier or Köln. <O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><B>Deadline for applications is 11 August 2007. </B><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">Please send your application to:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>University of Trier, Fac. of Geography / Geosciences, Dept. of Environmental Meteorology, 54286 Trier, Germany<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Or per email to </SPAN><A href="mailto:menkhaus.klima@uni-trier.de"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">menkhaus.klima@uni-trier.de</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>For further information please contact the project leaders: Prof. Dr. Günther Heinemann, University of Trier, Fac. of Geography / Geosciences, Dept. of Environmental Meteorology<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Email: </SPAN><A href="mailto:heinemann@uni-trier.de"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">heinemann@uni-trier.de</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="">Tel.: +49 (0)651/201-4623<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Or Prof. Dr. Michael Kerschgens, Institut für Geophysik und Meteorologie, Universität zu Köln<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Email: </SPAN><A href="mailto:mk@meteo.uni-koeln.de"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">mk@meteo.uni-koeln.de</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="">Tel.: +49 221 470-3683, -3682 (secretary)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">Fax: +49 221 470-5161<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">******************<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="">(JOB 8) <B>PhD and Postdoc</B></SPAN><SPAN style=""> - 3D Modelling Of Lithosphere Extension - Department of Geosciences - Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences - University of Bergen (Norway)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>One research fellow (PhD student) position, for a period of 3 years, ref no 07/8898.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>One post doctoral fellow position, for a period of 3 years, ref no 07/9703.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The successful candidates for the postdoc and research fellowship positions will be engaged in the research project “Numerical Modelling in 3D of Rift Segmentation, Rift Propagation, and Oblique Rifting” funded by the Research Council of Norway (NFR). The project will be executed in close collaboration with research partners in the Dalhousie Geodynamics Group (Prof. Christopher Beaumont) and in Rennes University (Prof. Jean Braun).<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The main goal of the project is to enhance the understanding of the evolution of sedimentary basins and passive margins in 3 dimensions. Newly developed 3D finite element techniques will be used to model study: 1) rift segmentation; 2) rift propagation; and 3) orthogonal versus transtensional extensional deformation.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Candidates must have a suitable background in earth science, physics, or an equivalent quantitative background. Experience in computational fluid/solid dynamics, extensional tectonics, and/or in application and development of finite element modelling is desirable.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Additional information about the position is available from Prof. Ritske Huismans, Phone: +47 55 58 81 17, Email: </SPAN><A href="mailto:ritske.huismans@geo.uib.no"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">ritske.huismans@geo.uib.no</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="">and in attached pdf document.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Applications should include (all in 3 copies): 1) Application letter including a statement of interest (related to the list of research tasks above) and indicating a preferred starting date. 2) Curriculum vitae including one set of certified copies of certificates.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>3) A list of published and unpublished works.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>4) Three copies of scientific works (printed or non-printed) that the applicant wishes to be considered by the evaluation committee.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>5) Names and contact information of three references.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The application may be written in Norwegian or English and should be marked with the appropriate reference number.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Applications should be sent to the Department of Earth Sciences, Attn: Heidi Espedal, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway, email: </SPAN><A href="mailto:Heidi.Espedal@geo.uib.no"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">Heidi.Espedal@geo.uib.no</FONT></SPAN></A><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><B> </B></SPAN><B>Closing date for application is 31 August 2007</B></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">**************************************************</FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman">This newsletter has been developed by C. Susan Weiler to distribute information of potential interest to recent PhDs engaged in interdisciplinary aquatic science or climate-change research, and to build an international sense of community among recent grads. It provides an international forum for the exchange of information and opinions regarding research, professional and social issues. The views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the funding agencies or sponsoring societies. Dr. Weiler reserves the right to edit or reject material submitted to the list.</FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman"><O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman"> Please submit announcements of interest to recent PhDs to </FONT><A href="mailto:phd@whitman.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman">phd@whitman.edu</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman">. Send a short message in the body of an e-mail message, and link to any appropriate websites. Do not send attachments.</FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman"><O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman"> Moving? Send address changes to </FONT><A href="mailto:dialog@whitman.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman">dialog@whitman.edu</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman"> or </FONT><A href="mailto:disccrs@whitman.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Roman">disccrs@whitman.edu</FONT></FONT></SPAN></A><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">**********</SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">C. Susan Weiler, Ph.D. </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Office for Earth System Studies Tel: 509-527-5948 </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Whitman College Fax: 509-527-5961</SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Walla Walla, WA 99362</SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=""><A href="mailto:weiler@whitman.edu"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">weiler@whitman.edu</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> Programs for Recent PhDs </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=""><A href="http://aslo.org/phd.html"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://aslo.org/phd.html</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style=""><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> DISCCRS poster </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=""><A href="http://www.aslo.org/phd/disccrsposter.pdf"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.aslo.org/phd/disccrsposter.pdf</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> Workshop Report, Meeting the Needs of </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Graduates in a </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> Changing Global Environment</SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><A href="http://marcus.whitman.edu/~weilercs/biocomplexity/"><SPAN style="text-decoration: none; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://marcus.whitman.edu/~weilercs/biocomplexity/</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style=""><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </SPAN></FONT><O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"> <O:P></O:P></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"> <O:P></O:P></DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"> <O:P></O:P></DIV><BR></BODY></HTML>